What are the characteristics of pottery in different periods?

From the archaeological materials known so far, the exquisite pottery includes grey pottery dating back more than 10000 years from the late Paleolithic Age, red pottery dating back more than 8000 years from the Cishan Culture, colored pottery dating back more than 7000 years from the Yangshao Culture, "eggshell black pottery" dating back more than 6000 years from Dawenkou, white pottery dating back more than 4000 years from the Shang Dynasty, hard pottery dating back more than 3000 years from the Western Zhou Dynasty, Terra Cotta Warriors of the Qin Dynasty, glazed pottery of the Han Dynasty, and tri colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty. By the Song Dynasty, The production of porcelain is developing rapidly, and the pottery industry is declining. However, some special pottery varieties still have unique charm, such as the Song and Liao tri color pottery, the purple clay pot, colored glaze, French flower ware and the pottery sculpture in Shiwan, Guangdong from the Ming and Qing dynasties

Classification of ceramic art

1. Traditional ceramic art Generally, it refers to the ceramic ware that has a long history and uses traditional techniques to create. This kind of ceramic ware has a considerable relationship with the official demand. At the same time, it is mainly used for daily life. If it is classified by glaze color, it can be divided into overglaze color and underglaze color. Among them, underglaze color - blue and white (blue and white is a kind of underglaze color, which is to paint various patterns on the surface with blue pigment (such as cobalt oxide) after the body is dried. After that, it is sprayed with transparent glaze to conduct glaze burning. Because the blue pigment is used under the transparent glaze, it is called "underglaze color". In this way, the firing temperature of the pigment cannot be too different from that of the transparent glaze), underglaze red, etc. 2. Modern Ceramics With the evolution of dynasties and pottery making technology, ceramics no longer only have practical value in human life. At the same time, because of the evolution of culture, ceramics have gradually become an important art culture, diversified styles and different types of uses, representing the changes in human aesthetic standards and quality of life. 3. Living ceramics Pottery articles for daily use, such as flower ware, tableware, tea set, etc. The use of traditional techniques, glaze performance of modern spirit, bottles, cans, containers or functional practical works. The combination of its expression of modeling structure and ideological concept with other art forms makes ceramic art no longer simply stick to the combination of soil and glaze, and integrates more humanistic and spatial factors, making ceramic art more meaningful.

Classification of pottery

1. Red pottery: Red pottery is a kind of pottery with red surface in the Neolithic Age. The oxidized flame gas is used when the ceramic body is baked in the kiln to convert the iron in the ceramic body into ferric iron, and the surface of the ceramic body is red. 2. Impressed pottery: China's late Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty, the pattern printed pottery. Before the ceramic blank is dry, use a die to stamp the required pattern on the specified position before firing. 3. White pottery: refers to a kind of plain pottery with white surface, interior and body. It uses porcelain clay and kaolin as raw materials for making ceramics, and the firing temperature is about 1000 ℃. 4. Black pottery: Black pottery was born in the Neolithic Age of China. The ancient Chinese pottery making technique has a reputation of being as black as paint, as loud as sound, as thin as paper, as bright as mirror, and as hard as porcelain. 5. Painted pottery: Painted pottery, also known as ceramic painting, is one of the ancient "national essence" ceramic arts in China. As early as the Banpo Culture period, which is about 7000 years ago, early painted pottery appeared.

Pottery making technology of Chinese pottery

Pottery making is a kind of special technology, which is generally made of clay through molding and kiln burning. The early pottery materials of China appeared in the early Neolithic Age. The round bottom pot found in the Xianrendong site in Wannian County, Jiangxi Province in 1962 was dated 6875 ± 240 BC by radiocarbon. The pottery of Peiligang culture from 5500 BC to 4900 BC is mostly clay or sand mixed red pottery, and there are also a small number of gray pottery, which is mostly formed by clay bar molding; There are cups, bowls, plates, bowls, pots, pots, etc., among which three legged pots and two ear pots are typical; Its patterns include grid dot pattern, arc line pattern, scratch pattern, nail pattern, breast nail pattern, rope pattern, etc. The pottery of Cishan Culture (5400 ～ 5100 BC) still uses the clay bar and plate construction method, but also has the kneading method. The pottery is mainly made of sand, including red, gray, brown, and gray brown pottery. At the same time, new shapes such as beans, cups, and brackets have appeared, and some of the surfaces are decorated with rope lines, grate lines, prick lines, scratch lines, and cream lines.

The essential characteristics of Chinese classical gardens are embodied in the following aspects

1. The landscape type of moushan and fanshui The type of local landscape composed of natural resources such as landform, hydrogeology and local plants is the main element of the space of Chinese classical gardens. The exquisite workmanship of local materials and the expression of artistic conception of garden landscape are one of the main characteristics of Chinese traditional gardens. Chinese classical gardens emphasize that "although it is made by human beings, it opens from the sky", that "it originates from nature and is higher than nature", and that human beings understand and feel nature. 2. Ideal environment for human settlement Pursue an ideal living environment and create healthy, comfortable, fresh and pleasant microclimate conditions. Due to the relatively harsh living environment in ancient China, Chinese classical garden landscaping has paid great attention to the improvement of microclimate conditions to create a more comfortable and pleasant environment, such as the layout of mountains and rivers, planting of plants, building of pavilions and corridors, all based on the influence factors of human comfort such as light and shadow, air flow, temperature, etc, To form an ideal environment for comfortable and pleasant living. 3. The horizon boundary of borrowing It does not stick to the scope of the courtyard, and expands the visual boundary of the space by borrowing the landscape, so that the garden landscape and the external natural landscape are connected and echoed to create an integrated garden landscape. You can see beautiful scenery in both dynamic and static view, and pursue the space visual effect of unlimited extension.

Commonly used landscape plants are as follows

(1) Select native tree species that are robust and easy to manage. The local tree species suitable for local growth shall be selected according to the climate and soil conditions of different regions. (2) Select deciduous broad-leaved trees with large crown, dense branches and leaves. In summer, the residential area has a large area of shade, and in winter, it does not block the sun. It can also absorb dust and reduce noise, making the air fresh. For example, Fatong, Yiyang, Fengyang, Hongfeng, etc. (3) Select evergreen trees and flowering shrubs with seasonal changes. Such as holly, pine, kaempferi, rose, azalea, peony, privet, berberine, boxwood, sabina vulgaris, sabina vulgaris, forsythia suspensa, winter jasmine, rose, etc. (4) Select shade tolerant plants and climbing plants. In the dark part, select shade tolerant plants, such as Crabapple, Plum Blossom, and Podocarpus; Climbing plants include ivy, lodestone, etc.